Millennials are no driving force as mileage in U.S. ebbs for eighth year

Phil Gregory  |  News Works

A report by the New Jersey Public Interest Research Group finds more Americans are leaving the driving to others, according to a report from the New Jersey Public Interest Research Group.

For the eighth year, the number of miles driven in the U.S. has dipped.

The biggest decline is among 16- to 34-year-olds who want to live in urban and walkable neighborhoods and are more open to using public transit, said Jen Kim, NJPIRG state director.

She expects that trend to continue and have an impact on government priorities for transportation infrastructure.

“We don’t need to spend as much on things like roads and highways and should instead switch to things like bike lanes, more public transportation options, buses, trains,” she said.

The trend will also contribute to ebbing gasoline consumption and a falloff in the gas tax New Jersey relies on to fund transportation projects, Kim said.

That means other sources of revenue will be needed to meet future transit needs.

Janna Chernetz of the New Jersey Advocate for the Tri-State Transportation Campaign agrees with that assessment.

The state will need to shift away from road widening projects and invest in other modes of transportation, she said.

“We need to see more of a focus on bicycle and pedestrian accommodations. We also need to be investing more in public transit,” Chernetz said. “New Jersey has been seeing record ridership over the past few years, and the money needs to be placed in transit to keep up with this growing demand.” {…}

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Convention highlights latest technology in bus public transportation

Michael Henrich  |  Fox59

INDIANAPOLIS — Hoosiers are getting a taste of what their commute could look like in the near future, as the American Public Transit Association holds its Bus and Paratransit Conference in the Circle City.

The convention showcases the latest technology in bus public transportation.

Fox 59 News took at look at one all-electric bus, which uses new technology to charge itself while pausing at bus tops.  The company, Proterra, and its founder claim that it can run all day long and hardly makes a sound, when compared to traditional diesel-fueled buses.

“I call the bus ‘Casper,’ because standing on the street curb you just see this white cloud go by and you don’t hear anything,” said founder Dale Hill.

IndyGo representatives are attending the conference and are in the process of upgrading its bus fleet.

IndyGo President and CEO Michael Terry spoke with Fox59 News as well, saying how he would like to see all-electric buses and compressed natural gas buses used in Indianapolis, in the long run.

Terry would also like to see the regional transit system, which failed to make it out of the General Assembly in 2013, to be passed.

“For a new regional governance, for a new local form of funding and to allow for a referendum: those were the three things in the bill,” Terry said.  “It’s an economic generator.  It’s about getting people to jobs, getting people to education, getting people to health care.  It’s part of our economic fabric.”

Despite the recent legislative set-backs, IndyGo is continuing to expand.

Terry said the public transit system received an additional $6 million from the City-County Council this year.  IndyGo is also adding a new route, the 86th Street crosstown route. {…}

 

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A Mesmerizing Timelapse Shows Just How Essential Public Transit Is to Zurich

Kaid Benfield  |  Atlantic Cities

A Mesmerizing Timelapse Shows Just How Essential Public Transit Is to Zurich

I don’t think filmmaker Alessandro Della Bella intended to make a video about transit in Zurich, but trains, trams, streetcars and the people who ride them are the clear stars in this hyper-fun time-lapse video.

Frenetic Zurich is one of three videos so far in a larger work.  Says Della Bella about the project as a whole:

‘Helvetia by Night’ is a time-lapse project about Switzerland by night. Short videos of long nights present you the stunning beauty of the Swiss Alps and show you the magic of a spectacular nighttime sky. Imagine watching a slide-show at fast speed or looking at a flip book. It is photography turning into a movie. Everything in the videos is real and happening out there while most of us are sleeping.

You won’t see the Alps in this one, but you will definitely see urbanism in action.  Enjoy:

{…}

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Public transit bus converted into mobile lab for students

|  KTVB

MERIDIAN –Treasure Valley schools have a new mobile resource to help children learn science, technology and engineering.

The J.A. and Kathryn Albertson Foundation and Discover Technology unveiled the bus, known as  “Treasure Valley 1″ on Monday morning in Meridian.

What was once a public transit bus is now the newest tool in Discover’s fleet of STEM Mobile Discovery Labs.

It features 22 workstations and room for instructors.

“Our goal is to take student by student, put them in an experience where it’s just a spark that happens for them that I can build a robot, I can do C programming, I can do this,” said Cindy Esposito, Discover Technology.

Discover plans to take “Treasure Valley 1″ to schools across the valley over the next three days, starting Tuesday. {…}

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Wi-Fi on public transport faces access, monetization road bumps

Ellyne Phneah  |  ZDNet

More Asian markets are looking to introduce Wi-Fi on their transport systems given that it would improve commuter satisfaction and boost overall GDP growth. Service providers would have to contend with providing Wi-Fi access through areas with poor signals and whether to charge for the service, which would impact uptake of such services.

Naveen Misra, telecommunications principal analyst at Frost & Sullivan Asia-Pacific, said more countries here are starting to offer Wi-Fi services on public trains and buses to provide entertainment for commuters on long-haul trips and improve customer service, as well as boost the country’s GDP growth by enhancing mobile workers’ productivity.

Strong growth in mobile device adoption and rapidly developing IT infrastructure in the region will mean that more Asian cities will start offering similar Wi-Fi access, Misra added.

Already, China and Japan are two markets which have initiated such Wi-Fi projects. The Chinese government in 2012 partnered China Mobile to introduce a pilot project to providing wireless network access on public buses in Beijing.

Tokyo Metro in April this year also introduced a free Wi-Fi service trial at 30 of its train stations.Commuters are able to enjoy the free Wi-Fi service once they download and register for the company’s mobile app.

When quizzed, the Singapore Mass Rapid Transit (SMRT) told ZDNet Asia that it too is working with local authorities to explore the feasibility of providing Wi-Fi on its train and buses services.

“In tandem with the growth in ridership, we also see a corresponding increase in demand by passengers for more services on the go,” said Jason Chin, information technology director of SMRT.

Access, monetization issues to consider
The growing interest to provide Wi-Fi on public transport may have its benefits, but service providers will know such deployments are not without their challenges, Misra said.

One such challenge is providing wireless access in areas of poor connectivity. The analyst said a train or bus is constantly moving and some of these would go into places with weak to no Wi-Fi signal for a prolonged period of time, particularly in rural areas.

“This scenario is quite likely as many parts of Asia are still not wired up and their IT infrastructure may not be as mature as the U.S. or Europe,” he pointed out.

A possible solution would be to plan the routes with accompanying 3G or 4G network coverage, so users can switch to these options when the Wi-Fi signal is weak, he suggested.

Monetizing the Wi-Fi service is another challenge for service providers looking into deploying Wi-Fi service on public transport, and there are many areas for consideration, Misra said.

For instance, if a transport company decides to make customers pay for Wi-Fi, it has to ensure the connection is strong. It can also offer a hybrid model in which the service is free for a limited period of time, before charging people for their usage, he noted.

Alternatively, if the service provider wants to make the service free, it should consider limiting online activities such as viewing YouTube videos so that bandwidth is more evenly shared among commuters. To decide this, it needs to examine the demographic of its passengers, how developed the country is in terms of smartphone penetration, and what kind of Internet access it wants to offer users, he explained.

“If the appropriate model is not chosen, the transport company may face backlash from consumers on poor customer service and a bad travelling experience,” the analyst said.

Singapore-based commuters who spoke to ZDNet Asia were adamant they would not pay for Wi-Fi on public transport, though.

Student Jasper Tan said he hopes Wi-Fi will be installed as the 3G and 4G signals tend to be “weaker” underground. He did not, however, see the need to pay for Wi-Fi on public transport.

“Singapore already does not charge users for its public Wi-Fi so I don’t see why trains should,” Tan said.

Marketing executive Peggy Lee added Wi-Fi on public transport would be “useful” as her mobile data cap is “rather low” which restricts her usage. “Between paying for better connection or using Wi-Fi free but getting a slower connection, I will pick the latter since I’m rarely on trains and buses for more than an hour,” she said. {…}

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How New Jersey Transit Failed Sandy’s Test

Kate Hinds and Andrea Bernstein  |  Transportation Nation

On the weekend before Sandy thundered into New Jersey, transit officials studied a map showing bright green and orange blocks. On the map, the area where most New Jersey Transit trains were being stored showed up as orange – or dry. So keeping the trains in its centrally-located Meadows Maintenance Complex and the nearby Hoboken yards seemed prudent.

And it might have been a good plan. Except the numbers New Jersey Transit used to create the map were wrong.

If officials had entered the right numbers, they would have predicted what actually happened: a storm surge that engulfed hundreds of rail cars, some of them brand new, costing over $120 million in damage and thrusting the system’s passengers into months of frustrating delays.

But the fate of NJ Transit’s trains – over a quarter of the agency’s fleet - didn’t just hang on one set of wrong inputs. It followed years of missed warnings, failures to plan, and lack of coordination under Governor Chris Christie, who has expressed ambivalence about preparing for climate change while repeatedly warning New Jerseyans not to underestimate the dangers of severe storms.

Official response to this blunder has largely stuck to one script: No one could have predicted the severity of the storm, and the yards had never flooded before. But NJ Transit’s miscalculations came even as New York’s Metropolitan Transportation Authority dived into climate change adaptation preparations. The agency on the east side of the Hudson developed detailed operational plans for extreme weather events, including moving electrical signals from flood-prone subway tunnels – a step that enabled the system to get up and running much faster than predicted. And though the MTA also suffered catastrophic damage during Sandy, only 19 of its 8,000 rail cars were inundated.

A months-long investigation by WNYC/New Jersey Public Radio and The Recordexamined hundreds of pages of internal NJ Transit and MTA documents and hours of testimony, and entailed interviews with transit, weather and climate change experts. That review found a stark contrast in the way the two agencies prepared for — and responded to — climate-change-related weather events, with sharply different results.

New York Governor Andrew Cuomo spoke to his transit chief, Joe Lhota (who has since left the agency to run for mayor of New York), beginning on the Thursday before the storm and “regularly” in the lead-up to the storm, according to an aide. The two men even met accidentally by the mouth of the Battery Tunnel as Sandy was peaking.

“The MTA bounced back faster than any other governmental entity,” Lhota boastedthree months after Sandy in a speech to a New York City business group. Then he noted –- pointedly — that it had taken NJ Transit three months to get up and running again.

The weekend before Sandy rolled in, Gov. Christie and NJ Transit executive director Jim Weinstein did not speak, and the Governor was not involved in the decision to store the trains in a flood zone.

“If I’m making the decisions at that level of specificity, then I’d be under water myself,” Christie told New Jersey Public Radio. Instead, he spoke with his transportation commissioner, James Simpson.

According to emails obtained through the Open Public Records Act, Simpson, who is Weinstein’s boss, had only cursory communications with Weinstein. A spokesman for Simpson said he didn’t have information about the number of times the commissioner communicated with the Governor in the days leading up to the storm.

NJ Transit officials have repeatedly defended the agency’s decision to park the trains in low-lying yards in Hoboken and the Meadowlands.

The Hudson River outside NJ Transit’s Hoboken Terminal/accarino via flickr

“The comparison of the MTA and NJ Transit is akin to comparing apples and oranges,” said John Durso Jr., a spokesman for NJ Transit. “They are two very different public transit agencies – different in scope, different in operations, and different in challenges.”

The MTA is the largest transit agency in the country, and carries seven times the riders of NJ Transit. But NJ Transit is the largest statewide transit agency in the country.

Back in December, Weinstein was called before a State Assembly hearing to explain NJ Transit’s storm preparations.

“I can tell you decisions on where to keep our locomotives were sound, based on all the information we had at the time we had to make that decision, which was midday Sunday,” James Weinstein told the committee. “The facts are the weather models we evaluated at the time had an 80 to 90 percent chance the rail yards would stay dry. Our decisions were informed by the fact that neither of those rail yards had ever flooded. It is entirely wrong to characterize them as flood-prone.”

But that reading has brought derision from weather and climate change experts.

“It just shows they don’t understand A) the hazard and B) the risk,” says Columbia University Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory scientist Klaus Jacob, one of the nation’s premier experts on transit planning for climate change. “The past, particularly when it comes to climate change, is not the guide for the future.” {…}

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What Public Transit Data Teaches Us About How People Use a City

Emily Badger  |  The Atlantic Cities

What Public Transit Data Teaches Us About How People Use a City

We’ve highlighted a couple of projects this week developed out of an Urban Data Design Challenge in April that invited designers and developers to visualize data on public transit in three cities, San Francisco, Geneva and Zurich. The other two projects overlay transit data on a picture of a city’s poverty, or animate a playful take on the life of individual bus lines (and the people who ride them) from one day in October. This last project, from Schema Design, looks instead at the patterns we make in whole city-wide communities of commuters.

As the creators, Christian Marc Schmidt and Sergei Larionov, wrote about the three below videos that pulse with the movement of transit ridership:

Ridership is an identifier for how cities are utilized—whether they are centralized, decentralized or have multiple focal points, whether activity concentrates during rush hour as people are entering or leaving the city center(s), or whether activity is spread out over time. As the transit passenger data suggests, Geneva is centralized while Zurich appears to have multiple centers, and activity is concentrated during rush hours. Activity in San Francisco on the other hand is more evenly spread out, both spatially and over the course of the day. These insights are not only useful for city planners and transit authorities, who can get a sense of what areas see high and low ridership and understand what areas are underserved by public transit.

Transit Patterns: San Francisco from Schema Design on Vimeo.

Transit Patterns: Zurich from Schema Design on Vimeo.

Transit Patterns: Geneva from Schema Design on Vimeo. {…}

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Nurse’s Notes: Alternative transit has benefits

Kay Biediger  |  The Missoulian

Riding the bus has become one of my most enjoyable habits. As I think about why I ride the bus, the benefits fall into the four categories of physical, emotional, intellectual and spiritual.

Common sense and numerous studies identify both the positive physical and mental benefits of people living in transit-served areas and taking advantage of walking, riding a bike, carpooling or taking the bus. Studies in the American Journal of Health Promotion found that body mass index ratings tend to decline significantly with greater use of mass transportation. The availability of good public transportation, sidewalks and bike paths can increase opportunities for physical activity and thus improve overall health.

Here are a few facts:

• The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that lack of exercise is responsible for more than 20,000 deaths per year in the United States and contributes to the obesity epidemic. Nearly 66 percent of U.S. adults are overweight.

• An increasingly sedentary, car-focused lifestyle has contributed significantly to heart disease and obesity for millions of Americans, many of whom live in communities where public transportation, walking and biking are not viable options.

• Where public transit is unavailable, cars are used for 80 percent of trips of less than 1 mile.

• When Americans live near good bus or light rail, 42 percent choose to leave the car at home.

• People who use public transit spend a median of 19 minutes daily walking to and from transit stops.

• Nearly half of all Americans do not meet the surgeon general’s recommendation of at least 30 minutes of physical activity daily. Yet nearly 30 percent of public transit users may achieve the recommendation solely by walking to and from transit stops.

• In terms of crash injury rates, public transportation is one of the safest modes of travel available. A bus passenger is five times less likely to experience a non-fatal crash injury and 23 times less likely to die in a crash than a driver or passenger in a personal vehicle.

According to the American Housing Survey, people are more likely to commute to work on foot or by bicycle if they live close to their work, live very close to a grocery or drug store, and have good access to public transportation.

Another aspect to consider is the unhealthy effects of traffic emissions on people with asthma, lung disease and heart disease. Traffic emissions are widely implicated in triggering asthma attacks and impairing lung function. Like obesity, asthma is a major public health problem in the United States. Public transportation in the U.S. helps address global climate change by reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 37 million metric tons annually. Currently, more than 200 million passenger cars and light trucks account for about 50 percent of air pollution nationwide. Public transportation, by reducing traffic congestion and overall fuel consumption by 4.2 billion gallons of gasoline in the U.S. annually, can lessen the vehicle emissions that cause respiratory and other illness.

Lastly, consider the emotional, intellectual and spiritual benefits of public transportation. One has less stress in getting to or from work or the store, the opportunity to make new “bus” friends, read the Missoulian or daydream while looking at our beautiful scenery.

I highly recommend challenging yourself to ride the bus. You never know, you may become addicted!

Kay Biediger is director of rehabilitation services at St. Patrick Hospital. {…}

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As transit cuts loom, public tells board: ‘You’re messing with our life’

Steve Maynard  |  The News Tribune


The southbound 402 bus sits at the South Hill Mall Transit Center in Puyallup on Jan. 16, 2011. (JANET JENSEN/Staff photographer file, 2011)

Pierce Transit’s board voted Monday to cut 84 positions, or nearly 10 percent of the agency’s workforce, to prepare for a major service reduction at the end of September.

But it was an upcoming 28-percent cut in annual service hours, set for a final vote next month, that generated heated comments from the public and strong reaction from the board.

Buses and shuttles will run less often and for fewer hours, especially on the weekends.

Commenters said people depend on buses to get to work, the grocery store, the doctor’s office and church.

Nancy Uldrikson, of Tacoma, said evening service cuts will hurt shopping malls and other businesses while stranding bus riders. She supported stretching out the frequency of service so people can catch buses in the evening.

“You really need to look at a bigger picture here,” Uldrikson said.

Greg Dansen, of Federal Way, said Pierce Transit should give priority to elderly and disabled people.

“As a society, we need to look out for these people,” Dansen said.

Cher Norman, of Lakewood, wondered how she’ll get to church and medical appointments.

“You’re messing with our life,” she told the board.

In November, voters rejected a sales tax increase of three-tenths of 1 percent for the second time in less than two years. As a result, Pierce Transit plans to reduce its annual service hours for buses and shuttles from 417,000 to 300,000 starting Sept. 29.

Final board action on the service cut is scheduled for June 10.

Board Vice Chairman Rick Talbert told a crowd of more than 100 people at a public hearing Monday that the failure to win approval for the sales tax increase forced the agency to make cuts.

“I get, understand and appreciate the frustration,” said Talbert, a Pierce County Council member.

Board chairwoman and Tacoma Mayor Marilyn Strickland said the cutbacks affect people who need the services the most and have no other options.

“To sit here and listen to you talk about the cuts, it’s devastating to us,” Strickland said.

Those service cuts will start affecting workers Tuesday, when they will begin to be notified about the fourth round of layoffs since 2008.

This time, 84 of 866 budgeted jobs will be cut. That’s a reduction of about $6 million. Pierce Transit’s budget for 2013 is $129.4 million.

Seventy union positions will be eliminated. Among those, 51 people will be laid off.

Fourteen nonrepresented positions will be cut, including 11 in management.

The total cutback is eight positions fewer than Pierce Transit reported last month. Those jobs were saved because the agency was awarded a $1.1 million state transportation grant, said Pierce Transit spokeswoman Carol Mitchell. {…}

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Transportation disparities put many students walking to school on dangerous path

Dave Scott  |  Beacon Journal

Anise Moore had mixed feelings about safety in the rough neighborhood where her kids walk to school.

She sat on her porch one warm spring afternoon, looked at the well-kept homes and nice sidewalks on Howe Street and said it’s not so bad.

“It’s a great neighborhood. It’s a great place to live,” she said. “Everybody is basically family oriented here.”

Then she remembered the shooting a couple of blocks away. There also was a stabbing a while ago. The truck fire. The burglaries. The loose dogs. The broken beer bottles and wine bottles on the sidewalks two blocks away. The winos in the alley a block away. The mentally challenged man who everyone says is harmless walking down the middle of the street talking to himself. The drivers who don’t come to a complete stop at intersections, even when kids are around.

Through all that, she keeps a fairly positive attitude about her neighborhood in the Lane Field area of Akron’s near-west side. But she knows walking to school can be dangerous.

“The biggest problem is abandoned houses,” she said shortly before walking with a reporter to pick up her kids at Helen Arnold school. She pointed out 20 empty homes on the seven-block walk.

The Moore family is an example of how education and transportation options are not equal in Ohio. Bus transportation is seen as essential for charter schools but cost-cutting makes it impractical for many public schoolchildren.

Academically, Akron schools are rated “Continuous Improvement” or what amounts to a C grade. Strapped for funds, the district offers the state minimum for busing. That means students living within two miles of their school must walk.

It’s not the same for students attending charter school or wealthy suburban districts with big tax bases.

State legislators who control funding decided a decade ago that transportation is vital to charter school education, and they put the burden of providing it on public schools that were struggling to meet education standards. As a result, school buses taking neighbor children to lower-rated charter schools often pass Akron students walking to their public schools.

Akron schools Treasurer Jack Pierson saw the problem coming in 2001.

“It’s ludicrous,” he said. “They want us to spend the money we need to spend on our kids and spend it on kids that opt for the charter schools.”

Students started leaving Akron Public Schools for charter schools in 2003. In April 2013, that number had reached 3,242.

Over the years, state funding to maintain that policy did not keep up with inflation, putting the burden increasingly on local taxpayers. Between 2003 and 2011, Ohio’s total cost for school transportation increased 31 percent, but the portion local districts paid went up 39 percent.

The result: 34 percent of Akron-area charter school students were bused in 2011 while only 8.7 percent of Akron Public Schools rode a bus. (The state has not updated figures for 2012 and 2013.)

Costs continue to increase, yet Gov. John Kasich’s budget proposal flat-lined transportation funding. It appears the General Assembly is considering otherwise as the tentative budget passes through the Ohio Senate.

For the Moore family, there is little choice but to walk.

Anise Moore has no car and no one else in her family who could drive. Disabled by a congenital disease, she generates little income.

Busing is not an option. She lives about a half-mile from her kids’ school, too close for busing, according to Akron’s standards.

She could choose a charter school, but many of them are rated lower academically.

But choosing to walk can be dangerous.

Between 2010 and 2012, 52 of the 60 school-age pedestrians who were hit by vehicles during normal school hours in Summit and Portage counties were walking in cities with low school-busing rates: Akron, Barberton or Cuyahoga Falls. That averages out to a vehicle hitting a child in one of those districts once every 11 school days.

Akron also has begun a program to take down as many as 100 traffic signals throughout the city, a move some parents say makes those intersections more dangerous to walkers.

Taking care

Kids call Moore the Whistle Lady.

Her mission is not just for her two children: Kyree, 13, and Kyra, 11. Also tagging along this day were nephews Jacce Taylor, 5, and Michael Mitchell, 6.

And it doesn’t stop there.

“I don’t want somebody’s child not to make it home,” she said. “So I have them walk with me. Sometimes as many as nine or 10.”

They must follow the Whistle Lady’s most important rule: When they are ready to cross a street, they all must stop and wait until she sees the traffic is clear.

That’s when the metal whistle hanging on a lanyard around her neck comes out and produces a tweet that can be heard two blocks away. That means it’s OK to cross.

“I tell my kids, ‘Don’t cross until you see nothing,’ ” she said.

Moore never saw any drug deals in her neighborhood during the two years she has lived there, but that doesn’t mean they aren’t there.

Akron police provide data that are mapped on Raidsonline.com.

Since October 2011, there have been six drug incidents within a half block of the children’s path to school. The map also shows five thefts, two assaults and individual cases of vandalism, disorderly conduct and carrying an open container.

Expand the map to include the area a half-mile within Moore’s home and you find more than 100 incidents each of drugs, assault, vandalism and burglary. There also were 15 weapons violations, 26 aggravated assaults, two cases of sexual assault and one homicide.

The Summit County Sheriff’s Office registry shows 10 sexual offenders living within a mile of her home.

Emphasis on safety

The Whistle Lady can’t fix everything.

As she walked to the school with the reporter, they saw tiny children, probably kindergartners, walking alone. The kids would be negotiating the way home by themselves.

“The main danger, to me, is the kindergartners and first-graders walking to school by themselves,” Moore said. “You never know who’s out lurking, looking at children.”

She often invites kids walking alone to join her group.

After arriving at school, she found her son and the two nephews on the playground. Her daughter was at her station as a Safety Patrol guard.

Kyra, 11, wears a yellow sash and holds a flag and is stationed at driveways near the school. Children gather behind her and are not allowed to cross until she sees it’s safe and raises her flag.

The patrol is part of the Safe Kids Coalition that includes AAA, Akron Children’s Hospital and the police and fire departments. In October, more than a month after school starts, it sponsors the Akron Police Department’s Walk This Way program that includes walking with parents to check for marked crosswalks and telling kids to stay on sidewalks and how to cross the street.

A spokesman for the Akron police said the city can’t afford the more costly Safety Town program that suburban schools use. It includes summer instruction on playgrounds or gymnasiums made to look like toy towns.

The Moore family encounters one crossing guard in the seven-block trek to school. The city employs 135 crossing guards at $16.40 per hour for a total budget of $750,000 for 2013.

Dorothy Chlad, Safety Town’s national president, started with Safety Town in 1964 and knows Akron well. She started her work in Bedford and once started a fledgling program in Akron. It didn’t last long.

She learned a lot about kids over the years.

Chlad said the instructions must be repeated many times in many different ways, and it should be done in the summer, before school starts.

Parents don’t necessarily do it best. {…}

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